Method for making a lithium ion battery dischargeable to zero volts

ABSTRACT

A lithium ion battery particularly configured to be able to discharge to a very low voltage, e.g. zero volts, without causing permanent damage to the battery. More particularly, the battery is configured to define a Zero Volt Crossing Potential (ZCP) which is lower than a Substrate Dissolution Potential (SDP) to thus avoid low voltage substrate damage.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/675,287 filed Sep. 29, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,596,439, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application 60/199,895 filed Apr. 26, 2000.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates generally to rechargeable batteries and more particularly to a rechargeable lithium battery capable of discharging to zero volts without causing damage to the battery.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Rechargeable lithium batteries are widely discussed in the literature and are readily commercially available. They typically consist of a positive electrode and a negative electrode spaced by a separator, an electrolyte, a case, and feedthrough pins respectively connected to the electrodes and extending externally of the case. Each electrode is typically formed of a metal substrate that is coated with a mixture of an active material, a binder, and a solvent. In a typical battery design, the electrodes comprise sheets which are rolled together, separated by separator sheets, and then placed in a prismatic case. Positive and/or negative feed through pins (i.e., terminals) are then connected to the respective electrodes and the case is sealed.

The negative electrode is typically formed of a copper substrate carrying graphite as the active material. The positive electrode is typically formed of an aluminum substrate carrying lithium cobalt dioxide as the active material. The electrolyte is most commonly a 1.1 mixture of EC:DEC in a 1.0 M salt of LiPF₆. The separator is frequently a micro porous membrane made of a polyolephine, such as a combination of polyethylene and/or polypropylene which can, for example, be approximately 25 μm thick.

It is typical to use protection circuitry with lithium ion batteries to avoid potential deleterious effects. Thus, protection circuitry is frequently employed to terminate charging if the voltage or temperature of the battery (or any cell) exceeds a certain level. Moreover, it is common to incorporate a low voltage cutoff to disconnect the battery from its load if the voltage of the battery (or any cell) falls below a certain lower level. This latter precaution is taken to prevent permanent damage to the battery which can occur if a voltage greater than a Damage Potential Threshold (DPT) is applied to one of the electrodes. For example, corrosion or decomposition of the negative electrode substrate can occur if a voltage greater than a Substrate Dissolution Potential (SDP) is applied to the negative electrode.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to a rechargeable lithium ion battery particularly configured to be able to discharge to a very low voltage, e.g. zero volts, without causing permanent damage to the battery. More particularly, a battery in accordance with the invention is configured to define a Zero Volt Crossing Potential (ZCP) which is lower than the battery's Damage Potential Threshold (DPT) and more specifically its Substrate Dissolution Potential (SDP), to thus avoid low voltage substrate damage.

The ZCP refers to the voltage of each of the electrodes relative to a lithium reference (Li/Li+) when the battery potential, i.e., the potential between the electrodes, is zero. The SDP refers to the dissolution potential of the negative electrode substrate relative to the lithium reference (Li/Li+). A conventional lithium ion battery typically exhibits a ZCP of about 3.6 volts which can slightly exceed the battery's SDP.

In accordance with the present invention, the material selected for the negative electrode substrate has a dissolution potential greater than the ZCP. Commercially pure titanium and titanium alloys are preferred. Nickel, nickel alloys, and stainless steel can also be used.

In the normal operation of a lithium ion battery, a solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer, i.e., a passivation layer, is formed on the negative electrode, attributable to a reaction between the negative electrode and the electrolyte. The SEI layer comprises an insulating membrane that tends to inhibit the continuing reaction of the negative electrode and electrolyte. It has been recognized that this SEI layer can dissolve at a voltage above a certain level, i.e., Film Dissolution Potential (FDP), which can lead to permanent damage to the negative electrode. In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention, the battery is configured to assure a ZCP lower than said FDP.

A battery's ZCP level relative to the lithium reference is dependent in part on the materials used for the positive and/or negative electrodes. In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention, a positive electrode active material, e.g., LiNi_(x)Co_(1-x)O₂ (0<x≦1), is selected which exhibits a discharge curve appropriate to achieve a relatively low ZCP level. This feature of the preferred embodiment facilitates the implementation of a battery in accordance with the invention characterized by a Zero Crossing Potential (ZCP) less than its Substrate Dissolution Potential (SDP) and/or its Film Dissolution Potential (FDP).

Batteries in accordance with the present invention are particularly suited for use in critical applications where physical access to the battery may be difficult. For example, batteries in accordance with the invention find application in medical devices configured to be implanted under the skin in a patient's body. Such a medical device is typically comprised of a hermetically sealed housing formed of biocompatible material and dimensioned sufficiently small as to be able to be implanted without interfering with normal bodily function. A battery in accordance with the invention includes a case configured for mounting in the device housing. The battery case can be of a variety of shapes, e.g., prismatic or cylindrical, and typically defines a volume of between 0.05 cc and 30 cc. Batteries within this range exhibit capacities between 1.0 milliamp hours and 3 amp hours. An exemplary battery for use in such a device includes a prismatic hermetically sealed battery casing having dimensions of 35 mm×17 mm×5.5 mm. The device is intended to be implanted in the lower back region to help alleviate back pain using neurostimulation techniques.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The above and other features and uniqueness of the invention will be better visualized from the following drawings and schematics.

FIG. 1A schematically depicts positive and negative battery electrodes rolled around a mandrel for placement in a battery case and FIG. 1B depicts in cross-section a complete battery;

FIG. 2 shows a typical deep discharge curve for a conventional lithium ion battery using copper as the negative electrode substrate and lithium cobalt dioxide LiCoO2 as the positive electrode active material;

FIG. 3 shows a typical deep discharge curve for a zero volt battery in accordance with the present invention using titanium as the negative electrode substrate;

FIG. 4 shows a typical deep discharge curve for a zero volt battery in accordance with the present invention using LiNi_(x)Co_(1-x)O₂ (0<x≦1) as the positive electrode active material;

FIG. 5 is a table showing preliminary test results of various battery configurations in accordance with the present invention; and

FIG. 6 schematically depicts a battery in accordance with the invention contained within an implantable medical device housing.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following description discloses presently contemplated preferred embodiments for practicing the invention. This description is not to be taken in a limited sense, but is offered for the purpose of describing the preferred modes of the invention. The scope of the invention should be determined with reference to the claims.

FIGS. 1A and 1B schematically depict a typical lithium ion battery construction 10 comprising a prismatic case 12 containing a positive electrode 14 and a negative electrode 16, rolled around a mandrel 18. Separator sheets 20, 22 are incorporated in the rolling to electrically separate the electrodes. The case 12 also typically includes electrolyte material (not shown) and positive and negative feed through pins (i.e., terminals) 26, 28 which are respectively connected to the electrodes 14, 16 and extend externally of the case 12.

The positive electrode 14 is typically comprised of a thin metal substrate, e.g., aluminum, carrying a layer of positive active material, e.g., lithium cobalt dioxide LiCoO₂ mixed with a binder, and coated on both faces of the substrate. The negative electrode 16 is typically comprised of a thin metal substrate, e.g., copper, carrying a layer of negative active material, e.g., graphite coated on both faces of the substrate.

Two layers of separator 20, 22 electrically separate the electrodes 14, 16 from each other, enabling the electrodes to be rolled around mandrel 18. Each separator layer can comprise a micro porous membrane made of a combination of polypropylene and is approximately 25 μm thick. The electrolyte is most commonly a 1:1 mixture of EC:DEC in a 1.0 M salt of LiPF₆.

FIG. 2 shows typical deep discharge performance curves for a conventional lithium ion battery. The y-axis represents voltage relative to a lithium reference (Li/Li+) or counter electrode and the x-axis represents time. Curves 50 and 52 respectively depict the discharge curves for the positive and negative electrodes. The battery output voltage is the difference between the positive electrode voltage and the negative electrode voltage. During discharge, the positive electrode voltage decreases relative to Li/Li+ and the negative voltage increases, primarily near the end of discharge. Typically, a protection or management circuit stops the discharge when the battery voltage reaches 2.5 Volts. If the management circuit does not stop the discharge, the negative electrode potential will rise until it reaches the potential of the positive electrode which constitutes the Zero Volt Crossing Potential (ZCP) and is typically about 3.6 volts in conventional lithium ion battery constructions. The negative electrode potential at ZCP, relative to Li/Li+, can exceed the dissolution potential of the negative electrode substrate (SDP), e.g., 3.3 volts for copper, and cause dissolution and permanent damage to the substrate. The present invention is directed to battery improvements to assure that the value of SDP is greater than the value of ZCP, as represented in FIG. 3.

FIG. 3 depicts deep discharge performance curves for a lithium ion battery in accordance with the present invention in which the negative electrode substrate is formed of titanium instead of copper. The use of titanium increases the knee of the negative electrode curve 54 to position the SDP above the ZCP. This relationship considerably reduces potential damage to the negative electrode substrate. In addition to commercially pure titanium, i.e., titanium CP, other materials can be used to raise the SDP sufficiently, e.g. titanium alloys, nickel, nickel alloys, and stainless steel.

FIG. 3 demonstrates how the SDP level can be increased relative to the ZCP by proper choice of the negative electrode substrate material. Alternatively, or additionally, the ZCP level can be decreased relative to the SDP by proper choice of the positive electrode active material, as depicted in FIG. 4.

More particularly, FIG. 4 shows the discharge curve 60 for a positive electrode using lithium nickel cobalt dioxide LiNi_(x)Co_(1-x)O₂ (where 0<x≦1) as the active material, i.e., as the intercalation compound. Note that the curve of FIG. 4 exhibits a greater negative slope than the analogous curve 50 of FIG. 2 representing the standard intercalation compound LiCoO₂. The effect of the increased negative slope is to lower the ZCP level relative to the lithium reference and the SDP. As was the case in connection with FIG. 3, this reduces the potential damage to the negative electrode substrate. Additionally, however, the ZCP level also falls below a Film Dissolution Potential (FDP) which is the voltage above which a solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer begins to dissolve. The SEI, or film, comprises a passivation layer which forms on the negative electrode and functions to inhibit a continuing reaction between the negative electrode active material and the electrolyte. Dissolution of the SEI can noticeably damage the negative electrode active material.

Experiments have been performed at two different temperatures employing the aforedescribed techniques depicted in FIGS. 3 and 4. The preliminary results are summarized in the table of FIG. 5. Four different battery configurations were constructed as shown. Configuration (1) corresponds to the conventional arrangement represented in FIG. 2 comprising a copper substrate for the negative electrode and LiCoO₂ for the positive active material. The battery was built and then recycled once to get an initial capacity measurement. The battery was then shorted between the positive and negative leads to achieve a zero volt state. This zero volt condition was held for one week and then recharged and discharged to get a capacity measurement after zero-volt storage. The capacity retention is calculated by dividing the discharge capacity after zero volt storage by the initial capacity and multiplying by 100%. In this manner, this percentage reflects any damage that had occurred to the battery while in the zero volt state.

As represented in FIG. 5, the capacity retention for battery configuration (1) is below 80%, thus suggesting that damage had been done to the battery. After opening the battery and examining the electrodes, it was seen that copper dissolution had occurred. This battery (1) configuration performed poorly at both temperature settings.

The battery configuration (2) used LiCoO₂ as the positive active material and a titanium substrate as the negative substrate corresponding to the arrangement represented in FIG. 3. The results show that at 25° C. the capacity retention was at about 98% after the zero volt condition. However, at a higher temperature (37° C.), performance deteriorates to below 80%. This suggests that perhaps the zero volt crossing potential was sufficiently below SDP to avoid substrate dissolution but still high enough to exceed FDP and cause damage to the negative electrode active material. Accordingly, attempts were made to lower ZCP further to avoid damage both to the negative active material and the negative electrode substrate.

The battery configuration (3) utilizes LiNi_(x)Co_(1-x)O₂ (0<x≦1) as the positive active material with copper negative electrode substrate. The results show that at 37° C. the capacity retention is quite high at 90%. However, examination after the test, revealed that some copper dissolution occurred. Battery configuration (4) uses both LiNi_(x)Co_(1-x)O₂ (0<x≦1) as the positive active material and the titanium as the negative electrode substrate material. Results show that this configuration gives the best capacity retention after zero volt storage.

From the foregoing table (FIG. 5), it appears that a performance gain is achieved by configuration (2) using a titanium negative electrode substrate and by configuration (3) using lithium nickel cobalt dioxide as the positive active material. However, maximum performance gain appears in configuration (4) which combines both of these features.

FIG. 6 schematically depicts a battery 60 in accordance with the invention mounted in a housing 64 (shown partially open for the purposes of illustration) of a medical device 66 configured for implanting in a patient's body. The housing 64 is preferably formed of biocompatible material and hermetically sealed. The device 66 is typically used for monitoring and/or affecting body parameters. For example, the device can be used to electrically stimulate nerves. The casing 68 of battery 64 can, for example, have dimensions of 35 mm×17 mm×5.5 mm.

While the invention has been described with reference to specific exemplary embodiments and applications, it should be recognized that numerous modifications and variations will occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention set forth in the appended claims. 

1. A method, comprising: providing components that include a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte, the positive electrode including a first active material on a metal substrate, the first active material including lithium, the negative electrode including a second active material on a substrate, the second active material including carbon, and the electrolyte configured to react with the negative electrode to form a′ solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer, the SEI layer being susceptible to damage when a voltage potential exceeding a Film Dissolution Potential (FDP) is applied to the SEI; generating a battery that includes the components; and wherein providing the components includes employing the Film Dissolution Potential to configure the components such that when the battery has a zero voltage the positive electrode and the negative electrode are at a Zero Volt Crossing Potential (ZCP) that is less than the Film Dissolution Potential and the Film Dissolution Potential is lower than a maximum positive operating potential of the battery.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the negative electrode substrate is susceptible of permanent damage when a potential exceeding a Substrate Dissolution Potential (SDP) is applied thereto; and wherein the positive and negative electrodes are selected to establish ZCP at a lower level than SDP in order to prevent dissolution of the negative substrate during storage at the predetermined temperature.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the negative electrode substrate is formed of stainless steel.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the negative electrode substrate is formed of a material selected from the group consisting of nickel and nickel alloy.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the positive electrode active material includes cobalt.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the positive electrode active material further includes nickel.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the positive electrode active material consists of an oxide.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the oxide includes lithium, nickel, and cobalt.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the negative electrode active material consists of carbon.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the electrolyte consists of a liquid electrolyte.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the liquid electrolyte includes a lithium salt dissolved in EC:DEC.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the lithium salt is LiPF₆.
 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the predetermined temperature is body temperature.
 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the predetermined temperature is 37° C.
 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the predetermined temperature is 25° C.
 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the ZCP is greater than about 3 V vs. Li/Li⁺.
 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the positive electrode has a positive discharge curve having a negative slope over most of the positive discharge curve, wherein the negative slope is more negative than the negative slope over most of the discharge curve of LiCoO₂.
 18. The method of claim 1, further comprising: housing the positive and negative electrodes in a case, wherein the case is configured for implanting in a patient's body.
 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising: hermetically sealing the case.
 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the case has a volume of less than 30 cc.
 21. A method for making a rechargeable lithium ion battery, comprising: providing components that include a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte, the positive electrode including a first active material on a metal substrate, the first active material including lithium; the negative electrode including a second active material on a substrate, the second active material including carbon, and the negative electrode being susceptible to damage when a voltage exceeding a Damage Potential Threshold (DPT) is applied to the negative electrode; and generating a battery that includes the components; and wherein providing the components includes employing the Damage Potential Threshold to configure the components such that when the battery has a zero voltage the positive electrode and the negative electrode are at a Zero Volt Crossing Potential (ZCP) that is less than the Damage Potential Threshold at a pre-determined temperature and the Damage Potential Threshold is lower than a maximum positive operating potential of the battery.
 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the first active material includes cobalt.
 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the first active material further includes nickel.
 24. The method of claim 21, wherein the lithium active material consists of an oxide.
 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the oxide includes lithium, nickel, and cobalt.
 26. The method of claim 21, wherein the Damage Potential Threshold (DPT) is defined by a Substrate Dissolution Potential, which is the dissolution potential of the negative electrode substrate relative to the reference level.
 27. The method of claim 21, further comprising: a solid electrolyte interface (SEI) formed on the negative electrode, and wherein the Damage Potential Threshold (DPT) is defined by a Film Dissolution Potential (FDP), which is the voltage above which the SEI layer begins to dissolve.
 28. The method of claim 21, wherein the predetermined temperature is body temperature.
 29. The method of claim 21, wherein the predetermined temperature is 37° C.
 30. The method of claim 21, wherein the predetermined temperature is 25° C.
 31. The method of claim 21, wherein the ZCP is greater than about 3 V vs. Li/Li⁺.
 32. The method of claim 21, wherein the positive electrode has a positive discharge curve having a negative slope over most of the positive discharge curve, wherein the negative slope is more negative than the negative slope over most of the discharge curve of LiCoO₂.
 33. The method of claim 21, further comprising: housing the positive and negative electrodes in a case, wherein the case is configured for implanting in a patient's body.
 34. The method of claim 33, wherein the case is hermetically sealed.
 35. The method of claim 33, wherein the case has a volume of less than 30 cc. 